Chemical: Drug
telaprevir

PharmGKB contains no prescribing info for this . Contact us to report known genotype-based dosing guidelines, or if you are interested in developing guidelines.


Annotated Labels

  1. Annotation of FDA Label for telaprevir and IFNL3
  2. Annotation of EMA Label for telaprevir and IFNL3

last updated 10/25/2013

1. Annotation of FDA Label for telaprevir and IFNL3

Actionable PGx

Summary

Among both treatment-naïve and previous treatment failures patients with HCV genotype 1 infections, subjects of all IL28B genotypes appeared to have higher SVR rates with INCIVEK(telaprevir)-containing regimens compared to PEG-IFN alpha and RBV only. Patients with the favorable IFNL3 genotype (rs12979860 CC) tend to have higher response rates (SVR) as compared to patients with the CT or TT genotype with the protease inhibitor combination in treatment naïve patients.

Annotation

PGx information can be found in the Clinical Pharmacology label section.

Excerpt from the telaprevir (Incivek) label:

12.5 Pharmacogenomics

A genetic variant near the gene encoding interferon-lambda-3 (IL28B rs12979860, a C to T change) is a strong predictor of response to peginterferon alfa and ribavirin (PR). rs12979860 was genotyped in 454 of 1088 subjects in Study Trial 108 (treatment-naïve) and 527 of 662 subjects in Trial C216 (previously treated) (see Clinical Studies (14.2 and 14.3) for trial descriptions). SVR rates tended to be lower in subjects with the CT and TT genotypes compared to those with the CC genotype, particularly among treatment-naïve subjects receiving PR48 (Table 9). Among both treatment-naïve and previous treatment failures, subjects of all IL28B genotypes appeared to have higher SVR rates with INCIVEK-containing regimens. The results of this retrospective subgroup analysis should be viewed with caution because of the small sample size and potential differences in demographic or clinical characteristics of the subtrial population relative to the overall trial population.

INCIVEK is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A. INCIVEK is contraindicated when combined with drugs that are highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated plasma concentrations are associated with serious and/or life-threatening events (narrow therapeutic index). INCIVEK is contraindicated when combined with drugs that strongly induce CYP3A and thus may lead to lower exposure and loss of efficacy of INCIVEK. Contraindicated drugs are listed below in Table 3.

In vitro studies using recombinant human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms indicated that CYP3A4 was the major isoform responsible for CYP-mediated telaprevir metabolism. In vitro studies using recombinant aldo-ketoreductases indicated that these and potentially other reductases are also responsible for the reduction of telaprevir. Other proteolytic enzymes are also involved in the hydrolysis of telaprevir. These non-CYP mediated pathways of metabolism likely play a major role after multiple dosing of telaprevir.

For the complete drug label text with sections containing pharmacogenetic information highlighted, see the telaprevir (Incivek) drug label.

*Disclaimer: The contents of this page have not been endorsed by the FDA and are the sole responsibility of PharmGKB.

Full label available at DailyMed

Genes and/or phenotypes found in this label

  • CYP3A4
    • metabolism/PK, Contraindications section, Clinical pharmacology section
    • source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
  • IFNL3
    • efficacy, Clinical pharmacology section
    • source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration

last updated 10/28/2013

2. Annotation of EMA Label for telaprevir and IFNL3

Actionable PGx

Summary

The EMA European Public Assessment Report (EPAR) for telaprevir (Incivo) contains a table showing higher SVR rates for patients with the IL28B (IFNL3) CC genotype compared to those with CT or TT when treated with the telaprevir, peginterferon alfa-2a and ribavirin drug combination, though this is not discussed further in the main text.

Annotation

Excerpt from the telaprevir (Incivo) EPAR:

Table 6 shows SVR rates by IL28B genotype and the stage of liver fibrosis at baseline.

Table 6: SVR rates for patient subgroups: Study C211

SubgroupT12(b.i.d.)/PR N=369 %(n/N)T12(q8h)/PR N=371 %(n/N)
IL28B genotype
CC92% (97/105)87% (92/106)
CT67% (139/206)68% (141/208)
TT66% (38/58)65% (37/57)

The EPAR also contains information regarding the metabolism of telaprevir by CYP3A (CYP3A4 and CYP3A5) and as an ABCB1 substrate, and that concomitant use of CYP3A and/or ABCB1 inducers or inhibitors, or substrates that are highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance, may affect plasma concentrations of telaprevir or be effected by telaprevir and should be taken with caution or are contraindicated.

For the complete drug label text with sections containing pharmacogenetic information highlighted, see the telaprevir (Incivo) EMA drug label.

*Disclaimer: The contents of this page have not been endorsed by the EMA and are the sole responsibility of PharmGKB.

Genes and/or phenotypes found in this label

  • CYP3A
    • metabolism/PK, Contraindications section, Drug interactions section, Pharmacokinetics section, Warnings and precautions section
    • source: European Medicines Agency

Clinical Variants that meet the highest level of criteria, manually curated by PharmGKB, are shown below.

To see more Clinical Variants with lower levels of criteria, click the button at the bottom of the page.

Disclaimer: The PharmGKB's clinical annotations reflect expert consensus based on clinical evidence and peer-reviewed literature available at the time they are written and are intended only to assist clinicians in decision-making and to identify questions for further research. New evidence may have emerged since the time an annotation was submitted to the PharmGKB. The annotations are limited in scope and are not applicable to interventions or diseases that are not specifically identified.

The annotations do not account for individual variations among patients, and cannot be considered inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other treatments. It remains the responsibility of the health-care provider to determine the best course of treatment for a patient. Adherence to any guideline is voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding its application to be made solely by the clinician and the patient. PharmGKB assumes no responsibility for any injury or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the PharmGKB clinical annotations, or for any errors or omissions.

? = Mouse-over for quick help

The table below contains information about pharmacogenomic variants on PharmGKB. Please follow the link in the "Variant" column for more information about a particular variant. Each link in the "Variant" column leads to the corresponding PharmGKB Variant Page. The Variant Page contains summary data, including PharmGKB manually curated information about variant-drug pairs based on individual PubMed publications. The PMIDs for these PubMed publications can be found on the Variant Page.

The tags in the first column of the table indicate what type of information can be found on the corresponding Variant Page.

Links in the "Gene" column lead to PharmGKB Gene Pages.

List of all variant annotations for telaprevir

Gene ? Variant?
(147)
Alternate Names ? Chemicals ? Alleles ?
(+ chr strand)
Function ? Amino Acid?
Translation
No VIP available No Clinical Annotations available VA
rs10048158 NC_000017.10:g.64236318T>C, NC_000017.11:g.66240200T>C, rs17691108, rs59335053
T > C
SNP
No VIP available No Clinical Annotations available VA
rs1127354 NC_000020.10:g.3193842C>A, NC_000020.11:g.3213196C>A, NG_012093.1:g.8787C>A, NM_001267623.1:c.67-789C>A, NM_033453.3:c.94C>A, NM_181493.2:c.43C>A, NP_258412.1:p.Pro32Thr, NP_852470.1:p.Pro15Thr, NR_052000.1:n.194C>A, NR_052001.1:n.49-62C>A, NR_052002.1:n.286C>A, XM_006723564.2:c.94C>A, XM_006723565.2:c.67-789C>A, XM_011529234.1:c.94C>A, XM_011529235.1:c.94C>A, XP_006723627.1:p.Pro32Thr, XP_011527536.1:p.Pro32Thr, XP_011527537.1:p.Pro32Thr, rs111069069, rs11565932, rs117814751, rs16988347, rs3177087, rs3183216, rs41320251, rs52834049
C > A
SNP
P32T
No VIP available No Clinical Annotations available VA
rs12944940 NC_000017.10:g.64231716T>C, NC_000017.11:g.66235598T>C
T > C
SNP
No VIP available CA VA
rs12979860 NC_000019.10:g.39248147C>T, NC_000019.9:g.39738787C>T, NG_042193.1:g.1825G>A, NM_001276254.2:c.151-152G>A, NR_074079.1:n.429-152G>A, XM_011526757.1:c.-1595G>A
C > T
SNP
No VIP available No Clinical Annotations available VA
rs1801689 NC_000017.10:g.64210580A>C, NC_000017.11:g.66214462A>C, NG_012045.1:g.19977T>G, NM_000042.2:c.973T>G, NP_000033.2:p.Cys325Gly, XM_005257304.1:c.760T>G, XP_005257361.1:p.Cys254Gly, rs17690416, rs4791077, rs52792576
A > C
SNP
C325G
No VIP available No Clinical Annotations available VA
rs1801690 NC_000017.10:g.64208285C>G, NC_000017.11:g.66212167C>G, NG_012045.1:g.22272G>C, NM_000042.2:c.1004G>C, NP_000033.2:p.Trp335Ser, XM_005257304.1:c.791G>C, XP_005257361.1:p.Trp264Ser, rs17763527, rs8178862
C > G
SNP
W335S
No VIP available CA VA
rs2585428 NC_000020.10:g.52786897C>T, NC_000020.11:g.54170358C>T, NG_008334.1:g.8620G>A, NM_000782.4:c.544-670G>A, NM_001128915.1:c.544-670G>A, XM_005260304.1:c.544-670G>A, XM_005260304.3:c.544-670G>A, XM_005260305.1:c.544-670G>A
C > T
SNP
No VIP available CA VA
rs368234815 NC_000019.10:g.39248514_39248515delTTinsG, NC_000019.9:g.39739154_39739155delTTinsG, NG_042193.1:g.1457_1458delAAinsC, NM_001276254.2:c.(65_?)delAAinsC, NP_001263183.2:p.Ala(22_?)_Ala22=, NR_074079.1:n.342_343delAAinsC, XM_011526757.1:c.-1963_-1962delAAinsC
TT > G
indel
No VIP available No Clinical Annotations available VA
rs52797880 NC_000017.10:g.64216854A>G, NC_000017.11:g.66220736A>G, NG_012045.1:g.13703T>C, NM_000042.2:c.422T>C, NP_000033.2:p.Ile141Thr, XM_005257304.1:c.422T>C, XP_005257361.1:p.Ile141Thr, rs117879669
A > G
SNP
I141T
No VIP available No Clinical Annotations available VA
rs7270101 NC_000020.10:g.3193893A>C, NC_000020.11:g.3213247A>C, NG_012093.1:g.8838A>C, NM_001267623.1:c.67-738A>C, NM_033453.3:c.124+21A>C, NM_181493.2:c.73+21A>C, NR_052000.1:n.224+21A>C, NR_052001.1:n.49-11A>C, NR_052002.1:n.316+21A>C, XM_006723564.2:c.124+21A>C, XM_006723565.2:c.67-738A>C, XM_011529234.1:c.124+21A>C, XM_011529235.1:c.124+21A>C
A > C
SNP
No VIP available CA VA
rs8099917 NC_000019.10:g.39252525T>G, NC_000019.9:g.39743165T>G, rs60715659
T > G
SNP
No VIP available No Clinical Annotations available VA
rs8178822 NC_000017.10:g.64225529G>T, NC_000017.11:g.66229411G>T, NG_012045.1:g.5028C>A, NM_000042.2:c.-32C>A, XM_005257304.1:c.-32C>A, rs17769656, rs386616016, rs60898032
G > T
SNP
Alleles, Functions, and Amino Acid Translations are all sourced from dbSNP 147

Overview

Generic Names
  • aids-213006
  • aids213006
  • ly-570310
  • mp-424
  • vx-950
Trade Names
  • Incivek
  • Incivo
Brand Mixture Names

PharmGKB Accession Id

PA165958354

Type(s):

Drug

Description

Telaprevir (VX-950) is a highly selective and potent inhibitor of the HCV NS3-4A serine protease. It is a member of a class of antiviral drugs known as protease inhibitors and is the first hepatitis C drug that has demonstrated activity in patients who have failed prior therapy. On April 28, 2011, the FDA Antiviral Drugs Advisory Committee voted 18-0 to recommend approval telaprevir for people with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C and was approved in the U.S. in May, 2011.

Source: Drug Bank

Indication

Treating chronic hepatitis C virus infection in certain patients. It must be used in combination with peginterferon and ribavirin.

Source: Drug Bank

Other Vocabularies

Information pulled from DrugBank has not been reviewed by PharmGKB.

Pharmacology, Interactions, and Contraindications

Mechanism of Action

Telaprevir is an inhibitor of the HCV NS3/4A serine protease, necessary for the proteolytic cleavage of the HCV encoded polyprotein into mature forms of the NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B proteins and essential for viral replication. In a biochemical assay, telaprevir inhibited the proteolytic activity of the recombinant HCV NS3 protease domain with an IC50 value of 10 nM.

Source: Drug Bank

Pharmacology

Telaprevir is a direct-acting antiviral agent (DAA) against the hepatitis C virus.

Source: Drug Bank

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination & Toxicity

Biotransformation

Telaprevir is extensively metabolized in the liver, involving hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction. Multiple metabolites were detected in feces, plasma, and urine. After repeated-oral administration, the R-diastereomer of telaprevir (30-fold less active), pyrazinoic acid, and a metabolite that underwent reduction at the alpha-ketoamide bond of telaprevir (not active) were found to be the predominant metabolites of telaprevir. In vitro studies using recombinant human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms indicated that CYP3A4 was the major CYP isoform responsible for telaprevir metabolism. However, non-CYP mediated metabolism likely plays a role after multiple dosing of telaprevir.

Source: Drug Bank

Protein Binding

59% to 76%

Source: Drug Bank

Absorption

Telaprevir is orally available, most likely absorbed in the small intestine, with no evidence for absorption in the colon. Maximum plasma concentrations after a single dose of telaprevir are generally achieved after 4 to 5 hours. In vitro studies performed with human Caco-2 cells indicated that telaprevir is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Exposure to telaprevir is higher during co-administration of peginterferon alfa and ribavirin than after administration of telaprevir alone.

Source: Drug Bank

Half-Life

The mean elimination half-life after single-dose oral administration of telaprevir 750 mg typically ranged from about 4.0 to 4.7 hours. At steady state, the effective half-life is about 9 to 11 hours.

Source: Drug Bank

Toxicity

The highest documented dose administered is 1875 mg every 8 hours for 4 days in healthy subjects with telaprevir alone. In that study, the following common adverse events were reported more frequently with the 1875 mg q8h regimen compared to the 750 mg q8h regimen: nausea, headache, diarrhea, decreased appetite, dysgeusia, and vomiting.

Source: Drug Bank

Clearance

* After oral administration, the apparent total clearance (Cl/F) was estimated to be 32.4 L/h with an inter-individual variability of 27.2%.

Source: Drug Bank

Route of Elimination

Following administration of a single oral dose of 750 mg 14C-telaprevir in healthy subjects, 90% of total radioactivity was recovered in feces, urine and expired air within 96 hours post-dose. The median recovery of the administered radioactive dose was approximately 82% in the feces, 9% in exhaled air and 1% in urine. The contribution of unchanged 14C-telaprevir and the R-diastereomer of telaprevir towards total radioactivity recovered in feces was 31.9% and 18.8%, respectively.

Source: Drug Bank

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula

C36H53N7O6

Source: Drug Bank

Average Molecular Weight

679.8493

Source: Drug Bank

Monoisotopic Molecular Weight

679.405732463

Source: Drug Bank

SMILES

CCC[C@@H](C(=O)C(=O)NC1CC1)NC(=O)[C@@H]2[C@H]3CCC[C@H]3CN2C(=O)[C@H](C(C)(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](C4CCCCC4)NC(=O)C5=NC=CN=C5

Source: PubChem

InChI String

InChI=1S/C36H53N7O6/c1-5-10-25(29(44)34(48)39-23-15-16-23)40-33(47)28-24-14-9-13-22(24)20-43(28)35(49)30(36(2,3)4)42-32(46)27(21-11-7-6-8-12-21)41-31(45)26-19-37-17-18-38-26/h17-19,21-25,27-28,30H,5-16,20H2,1-4H3,(H,39,48)(H,40,47)(H,41,45)(H,42,46)/t22-,24-,25-,27-,28-,30+/m0/s1

Source: PubChem

Genes that are associated with this drug in PharmGKB's database based on (1) variant annotations, (2) literature review, (3) pathways or (4) information automatically retrieved from DrugBank, depending on the "evidence" and "source" listed below.

Curated Information ?

No related drugs are available.

Curated Information ?

Publications related to telaprevir: 25

No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available No Clinical Annotation available VA No VIP available No VIP available
Factors associated with success of telaprevir- and boceprevir-based triple therapy for hepatitis C virus infection. World journal of hepatology. 2017. Bichoupan Kian, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available No Clinical Annotation available VA No VIP available No VIP available
Efficacy and safety of telaprevir- and simeprevir-based triple therapies for older patients with chronic hepatitis C. World journal of hepatology. 2017. Yamagiwa Satoshi, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available No Clinical Annotation available VA No VIP available No VIP available
The Role of Hepatitis C Virus Core Antigen Testing in the Era of Direct Acting Antiviral Therapies: What We Can Learn from the Protease Inhibitors. PloS one. 2016. Nguyen Linh Thuy, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
Intracellular and Plasma Trough Concentration and Pharmacogenetics of Telaprevir. Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Société canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques. 2015. Cusato Jessica, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available No Clinical Annotation available No Variant Annotation available No VIP available No VIP available
Reversible, time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A-mediated metabolism of midazolam and tacrolimus by telaprevir in human liver microsomes. Journal of pharmacy & pharmaceutical sciences : a publication of the Canadian Society for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Société canadienne des sciences pharmaceutiques. 2015. Chapron Brian, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
Impact of IL28B, APOH and ITPA Polymorphisms on Efficacy and Safety of TVR- or BOC-Based Triple Therapy in Treatment-Experienced HCV-1 Patients with Compensated Cirrhosis from the ANRS CO20-CUPIC Study. PloS one. 2015. About Frédégonde, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
IL28B genotype predicts response to chronic hepatitis C triple therapy with telaprevir or boceprevir in treatment naïve and treatment-experienced patients other than prior partial- and null-responders. SpringerPlus. 2015. Calisti Giorgio, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
IFNL4 polymorphism affects on outcome of telaprevir, peg-interferon and ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology research : the official journal of the Japan Society of Hepatology. 2014. Nagaoki Yuko, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA No Variant Annotation available No VIP available No VIP available
The novel ss469415590 variant predicts virological response to therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus type 1 infection. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2014. Covolo L, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA No Variant Annotation available No VIP available No VIP available
IFNL4 ss469415590 variant is a better predictor than rs12979860 of pegylated interferon-alpha/ribavirin therapy failure in hepatitis C virus/HIV-1 coinfected patients. AIDS (London, England). 2014. Franco Sandra, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
Impact of IL28B polymorphisms on 24-week telaprevir-based combination therapy for Asian chronic hepatitis C patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1b. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology. 2014. Tsubota Akihito, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA No Variant Annotation available No VIP available No VIP available
Genetic polymorphism in IFNL4 and response to pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin in Japanese chronic hepatitis C patients. Tissue antigens. 2014. Nozawa Y, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available No Clinical Annotation available VA No VIP available No VIP available
IFNL4 ss469415590 Variant Is Associated with Treatment Response in Japanese HCV Genotype 1 Infected Individuals Treated with IFN-Including Regimens. International journal of hepatology. 2014. Miyamura Tatsuo, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
Predictive value of the IFNL4 polymorphism on outcome of telaprevir, peginterferon, and ribavirin therapy for older patients with genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C. Journal of gastroenterology. 2013. Fujino Hatsue, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA No Variant Annotation available No VIP available No VIP available
IFNL4 ss469415590 Variant Shows Similar Performance to rs12979860 as Predictor of Response to Treatment against Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 1 or 4 in Caucasians. PloS one. 2014. Real Luis M, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
Predictive value of interferon-lambda gene polymorphisms for treatment response in chronic hepatitis C. PloS one. 2014. Susser Simone, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available No Clinical Annotation available No Variant Annotation available No VIP available No VIP available
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for IFNL3 (IL28B) genotype and peginterferon alpha based regimens. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2013. Muir Andrew J, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available No Clinical Annotation available VA No VIP available No VIP available
Clinical milestones for the prediction of severe anemia by chronic hepatitis C patients receiving telaprevir-based triple therapy. Journal of hepatology. 2013. Ogawa Eiichi, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available No Clinical Annotation available No Variant Annotation available No VIP available No VIP available
Challenges in pharmacogenetics. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2013. Cascorbi Ingolf, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
Limited impact of IL28B genotype on response rates in telaprevir-treated patients with prior treatment failure. Journal of hepatology. 2013. Pol Stanislas, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA No Variant Annotation available No VIP available No VIP available
A variant upstream of IFNL3 (IL28B) creating a new interferon gene IFNL4 is associated with impaired clearance of hepatitis C virus. Nature genetics. 2013. Prokunina-Olsson Ludmila, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available No Clinical Annotation available No Variant Annotation available No VIP available No VIP available
Impact of IL28B SNPs on therapeutic outcome and liver histology differs between hepatitis C virus genotypes. Pharmacogenomics. 2012. Lagging Martin. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
IL28B but not ITPA polymorphism is predictive of response to pegylated interferon, ribavirin, and telaprevir triple therapy in patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2011. Chayama Kazuaki, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
Influence of ITPA polymorphisms on decreases of hemoglobin during treatment with pegylated interferon, ribavirin, and telaprevir. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2011. Suzuki Fumitaka, et al. PubMed
No Dosing Guideline available No Drug Label available CA VA No VIP available No VIP available
Amino acid substitution in hepatitis C virus core region and genetic variation near the interleukin 28B gene predict viral response to telaprevir with peginterferon and ribavirin. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.). 2010. Akuta Norio, et al. PubMed

LinkOuts

DrugBank:
DB05521
KEGG Drug:
D09012
PubChem Compound:
3010818
BindingDB:
50212208
ChemSpider:
2279948

Clinical Trials

These are trials that mention telaprevir and are related to either pharmacogenetics or pharmacogenomics.

No trials loaded.

NURSA Datasets

provided by nursa.org

No NURSA datasets available.

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Sources for PharmGKB drug information: DrugBank, PubChem.