Overview
| Generic Names: | 6'-Methoxycinchonidine; 6'-Methoxycinchonine; Quinine sulfate; Quinine, Anhydrous; Quinineanhydrous; Quinoline Alkaloid |
|---|---|
| Trade Names: | Aflukin; Chinin; Chinine; Coco-Quinine; Quinine Dab |
| Brand Mixtures: | Holis 12 Pr (Aloe + Citrullus Colocynthis + Gamboge + Podophyllum + Quinine + White Hellebore Root); Holis 21 (Castanea Vesca + Citrullus Colocynthis + Ipecac + Nitric Acid + Quinine + Silver Nitrate); Holis 22 (Carbon Disulfide + Chenopodium Ambrosioides + Quinine Sulfate + Tobacco); Holis 73 (Asafetida + Charcoal Activated + Gratiola Officinalis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Magnesium Carbonate + Potassium Carbonate + Quinine + Silver Nitrate); Holis 78 (Aconitinum + Cedron + Citrullus Colocynthis + Hypericum Perforatum + Plantago Major + Quinine + Quinine Sulfate); Holis 82 (Acetic Acid + Asafetida + Charcoal Activated + Magnesium Carbonate + Potassium Carbonate + Quinine + Radish + Silver Nitrate); Salzmann Product M-1 Malena (Potassium Nitrate + Potassium Phosphate Dibasic + Quinine Sulfate + Sodium Chloride + Sodium Sulfate + Sodium Sulfite); Thc Complex #57 (Arnica Montana + Barium Carbonate + Belladonna + Carbon Disulfide + Cinchona Officinalis + Cocculus Indicus + Conium Maculatum + Ferrum Phosphoricum + Gelsemium Sempervirens + German Chamomile + Hahnemann's Causticum + Lycopodium Clavatum + Oyster Shells + Phosphorus + Pomegranate Bark + Quinine Sulfate + Salicylic Acid + Sanguinaria Canadensis + Sulfur); Triogene for (Calcium Glycerophosphate + Gentiana Lutea + Iron + Kola + Quinine) |
| PharmGKB Accession Id: | PA451213 |
Description
An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. PubChem (source: Drug Bank)
Indication
For the treatment of malaria and leg cramps (source: Drug Bank)
ATC Therapeutic Categories
- M09AA:Quinine and derivatives
- P01BC:Methanolquinolines
Pharmacology, Interactions, and Contraindications
Mechanism Of Action
The theorized mechanism of action for quinine and related anti-malarial drugs is that these drugs are toxic to the malaria parasite. Specifically, the drugs interfere with the parasite's ability to break down and digest hemoglobin. Consequently, the parasite starves and/or builds up toxic levels of partially degraded hemoglobin in itself. (source: Drug Bank)
Pharmacology
Quinine is used parenterally to treat life-threatening infections caused by chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Quinine acts as a blood schizonticide although it also has gametocytocidal activity against P. vivax and P. malariae. Because it is a weak base, it is concentrated in the food vacuoles of P. falciparum. It is thought to act by inhibiting heme polymerase, thereby allowing accumulation of its cytotoxic substrate, heme. As a schizonticidal drug, it is less effective and more toxic than chloroquine. However, it has a special place in the management of severe falciparum malaria in areas with known resistance to chloroquine. (source: Drug Bank)
Food Interactions
Take with food to reduce irritation. (source: Drug Bank)
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination & Toxicity
Biotransformation
Hepatic, over 80% metabolized by the liver. (source: Drug Bank)
Protein Binding
Approximately 70% (source: Drug Bank)
Absorption
76 - 88% (source: Drug Bank)
Isomeric SMILES Code:
COc1ccc2c(c1)c(ccn2)[C@H]([C@H]3CC4CCN3C[C@H]4C=C)O (source: Drug Bank)
The following genes are in curated knowledge about this drug.
| Gene | Relationship | Evidence | |
|---|---|---|---|
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ABCB1 |
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Publications |
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CYP1A1 |
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Publications |
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CYP3A4 |
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Publications |
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CYP3A5 |
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Publications |
A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug along with other genes is available.
Drug Targets
| Gene | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| GP9 |
|
(source: Drug Bank) |
| HBA1 |
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(source: Drug Bank) |
| HBA2 |
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(source: Drug Bank) |
| KCNN4 |
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(source: Drug Bank) |
The following drugs are in curated knowledge about this drug.
| Drug | Relationship | Evidence | |
|---|---|---|---|
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warfarin |
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Publications |
A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug along with other drugs is available.
Drug Interactions
| Drug | Description | |
|---|---|---|
| acenocoumarol |
|
Quinine/quinidine increases the anticoagulant effect (source: Drug Bank) |
| anisindione |
|
Quinine/quinidine increases the anticoagulant effect (source: Drug Bank) |
| astemizole |
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Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias (source: Drug Bank) |
| atomoxetine |
|
The CYP2D6 inhibitor could increase the effect and toxicity of atomoxetine (source: Drug Bank) |
| atracurium |
|
The quinine derivative increases the effect of the muscle relaxant (source: Drug Bank) |
| dicumarol |
|
Quinine/quinidine increases the anticoagulant effect (source: Drug Bank) |
| digitoxin |
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Quinine/quinidine increases the effect of digoxin (source: Drug Bank) |
| digoxin |
|
Quinine/quinidine increases the effect of digoxin (source: Drug Bank) |
| gallamine triethiodide |
|
The quinine derivative increases the effect of the muscle relaxant (source: Drug Bank) |
| mesoridazine |
|
Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias (source: Drug Bank) |
| metocurine |
|
The quinine derivative increases the effect of the muscle relaxant (source: Drug Bank) |
| pancuronium |
|
The quinine derivative increases the effect of the muscle relaxant (source: Drug Bank) |
| succinylcholine |
|
The quinine derivative increases the effect of the muscle relaxant (source: Drug Bank) |
| terfenadine |
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Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias (source: Drug Bank) |
| thioridazine |
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Increased risk of cardiotoxicity and arrhythmias (source: Drug Bank) |
| vecuronium |
|
The quinine derivative increases the effect of the muscle relaxant (source: Drug Bank) |
| warfarin |
|
Quinine/quinidine increases the anticoagulant effect (source: Drug Bank) |
Curated Information
The following diseases are in curated knowledge about this drug.
| Disease | Relationship | Evidence | |
|---|---|---|---|
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Hypoglycemia |
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Publications |
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Malaria |
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Publications |
Non-Curated Information
A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug along with other diseases is available.
Additional Datasets
These datasets are minimally curated and are sorted alphabetically by title.
LinkOuts
Common Searches
Search PubMed
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Non-Curated Publications
A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug is available.