Drug/Small Molecule:

epinephrine

Overview

Generic Names:	ADR Adrenaline; Adrenalin; Adrenalin Chloride; Adrenalina; Adrenaline; Adrenalinum; D-Adrenaline; D-Epifrin; D-Epinephrine; Epinefrin [Czech]; Epinefrina [INN-Spanish]; Epinephran; Epinephrine Bitartrate; Epinephrinum [INN-Latin]; L-Adrenalin; L-Adrenaline; L-Adrenaline Base; L-Epinephine; L-Epinephrine; L-Epirenamine; Levoadrenaline; Levoepinephrine; Racepinefrina [inn-spanish]; Racepinefrine; Racepinefrinum [inn-latin]; Racepinephrine
IUPAC Name:	4-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-2-methylaminoethyl]benzene-1,2-diol
Trade Names:	ADROP; Adnephrine; Adrenal; Adrenalin-Medihaler; Adrenamine; Adrenan; Adrenapax; Adrenasol; Adrenatrate; Adrenine; Adrenodis; Adrenohorma; Adrenor; Adrenosan; Adrenutol; Adrin; Adrine; Aktamin; Ana-Guard; Antiasthmatique; Asmatane Mist; Asthma Meter Mist; Asthma-Nefrin; Asthmahaler Mist; Asthmanefrin; Astmahalin; Astminhal; Balmadren; Bernarenin; Biorenine; Bosmin; Brevirenin; Bronkaid; Bronkaid Mist; Bronkaid Suspension Mist; Chelafrin; Citanest Forte; Corisol; Drenamist; Duranest; Dylephrin; Epi EZ Pen Jr; Epifrin; Epiglaufrin; Epipen; Epipen Auto-Injector; Epipen EZ Pen; Epipen Jr.; Epipen Jr. Auto-Injector; Epirenamine; Epirenan; Epirenin; Epitrate; Eppy; Esphygmogenina; Exadrin; Glaucon; Glaucosan; Glauposine; Glycirenan; Haemostasin; Haemostatin; Hektalin; Hemisine; Hemostasin; Hemostatin; Hypernephrin; Hyporenin; IOP; Intranefrin; Iontocaine; Isoptoepinal; Kidoline; Levonor; Levorenen; Levorenin; Levorenine; Lidocaton; Lyophrin; Medihaler-Epi; Metanephrin; Micronefrin; Mucidrina; Myosthenine; Mytrate; Nephridine; Nephron; Nieraline; Nor-Epirenan; Norartrinal; Paranephrin; Primatene Mist; Renagladin; Renaglandin; Renaglandulin; Renaleptine; Renalina; Renoform; Renostypricin; Renostypticin; Renostyptin; Scurenaline; Septocaine; Simplene; Sindrenina; Soladren; Sphygmogenin; Stryptirenal; Styptirenal; Supracapsulin; Supradin; Supranefran; Supranephrane; Supranephrine; Supranol; Suprarenaline; Suprarenin; Suprel; Surenine; Surrenine; Sus-Phrine; Susphrine; Sympathin E; Sympathin I; Takamina; Takamine; Tokamina; Tolansin; Tolax; Tolcil; Tolhart; Tonogen; Twinject; Vaponefrin; Vasoconstrictine; Vasodrine; Vasoton; Vasotonin
Brand Mixtures:	1% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine 1:100000 Inj Usp (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); 2% Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Epinephrine 1:100000 Inj Usp (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); 2% Xylocaine Dental with Epinephrine 1:100,000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); 2% Xylocaine Dental with Epinephrine 1:50,000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); 4% Citanest Forte Dental with Epinephrine 1:200,000 (Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate) + Prilocaine Hydrochloride); Ad Plex (Celandine + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Milk Thistle + Phosphoric Acid + Propolis + Sodium Chloride); Ad Tonic (Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Oats + Phosphoric Acid + Potassium Phosphate Dibasic + Sarsaparilla + Sodium Chloride); Adaptagen (Capsicum + Charcoal Activated + Conium Maculatum + Copper + Elaeis Guineensis + Epinephrine + Ginkgo Biloba + Ginseng + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Ledum Palustre + Oats + Phosphoric Acid + Picric Acid + Pituitary Posterior + Selenium + Sepia Officinalis L + Silicon Dioxide + Sodium Carbonate (Anhydrous) + Thuja Occidentalis + Vitamin B1 + Vitamin B2); All- I (Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Histamine + Liverwort + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphorus + Potassium Phosphate Dibasic + Pulsatilla + Silicon Dioxide + Sodium Phosphate Dibasic); All-Ii (Epinephrine + Euphrasia Officinalis + Goldenrod + Histamine + Liverwort + Modified Ragweed Tyrosine Adsorbate + Phosphorus + Potassium Iodide + Pulsatilla + Sulfur); Allforce (Aralia Racemosa + Cantharides + Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Ginger + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Onion + Oyster Shells + Phosphorus + Poison Ivy + Sarsaparilla + Sodium Carbonate (Anhydrous)); Alopt (Baptisia Tinctoria + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Euphrasia Officinalis + Garlic + Goldenrod + Histamine + Modified Ragweed Tyrosine Adsorbate + Onion + Phosphorus + Potassium Dichromate + Pulsatilla + Sulfur); Alphacaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Alphacaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:50000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Ana-Kit (2mg/Tab Orl, 1mg/Ml Liq Sc Im) (Chlorpheniramine Maleate + Epinephrine); Ana-Kit (Chlorpheniramine Maleate + Epinephrine Hcl); Anakit Insect Sting Treatment Kit (Chlorpheniramine Maleate + Epinephrine); Andropt (Astragalus Menziesii + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Juniper Berries + Oats + Phosphoric Acid + Picric Acid + Pulsatilla + Saw Palmetto + Selenium + Sodium Hexafluorosilicate + Thuja Occidentalis + Vitex Agnus Castus); Bac (Astragalus Menziesii + Baptisia Tinctoria + Belladonna + Charcoal Activated + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Ferrum Phosphoricum + Hydrastis Canadensis + Hypericum Perforatum + Iodine + Myrrh + Phosphorus + Phytolacca Decandra + Propolis + Silicon Dioxide + Water Cress); Candopt (Astragalus Menziesii + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphoric Acid + Platanus Occidentalis + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride); Chemtox (Barberry Root + Belladonna + Burdock + Cascarilla + Charcoal Activated + Couch Grass + Epinephrine + Glycerine + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Liverwort + Lycopodium Clavatum + Nitric Acid + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Phytolacca Decandra + Pulsatilla + Stillingia + Trifolium Pratense + Xanthoxylum); Crc-Plex (Arnica Montana + Barium Chloride + Calcium Lactate + Charcoal Activated + Cholesterol + Convallaria Majalis + Epinephrine + Iodine + Magnesium Carbonate + Nitroglycerin + Phosphorus + Picric Acid + Potassium Iodide + Strophanthus Hispidus); Cv Tox (Astragalus Menziesii + Barberry Root + Diadem Spider + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gelsemium Sempervirens + Hydrastis Canadensis + Hydrochloric Acid + Ipecac + Lycopodium Clavatum + Nitric Acid + Phosphoric Acid + Poison Ivy + Scurvy Grass + Silicon Dioxide); E-Pilo 1 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride); E-Pilo 2 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride); E-Pilo 4 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride); E-Pilo 6 Ophthalmic Solution (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride); E-Pilo-1 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride); E-Pilo-2 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride); E-Pilo-4 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride); E-Pilo-6 Oph Soln (Epinephrine Bitartrate + Pilocarpine Hydrochloride); Endangitin (Aesculus Hippocastanum + Cupric Acetate + Epinephrine + Ergot + Potentilla Anserina + Tobacco + White Hellebore Root); Endoplex F (Bovine Ovaries, Dried + Charcoal Activated + Cimicifuga Racemosa + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Iodine + Murex Purpurea + Pituitary Posterior + Pulsatilla + Sabina + Sepia Officinalis L + Xanthoxylum); Endoplex M (Clematis Erecta + Conium Maculatum + Epinephrine + Ginseng + Juniper Berries + Lycopodium Clavatum + Parsley + Picric Acid + Pituitary Posterior + Pulsatilla + Saw Palmetto + Thuja Occidentalis + Uva Ursi + Vitex Agnus Castus + Xanthoxylum); Ev Tox (Astragalus Menziesii + Belladonna + Charcoal Activated + Diadem Spider + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Hydrastis Canadensis + Hydrochloric Acid + Ipecac + Lycopodium Clavatum + Nitric Acid + Poison Ivy + Propolis + Scurvy Grass + Silicon Dioxide); F Alleropt (Aethusa Cynapium + Belladonna + Capsicum + Charcoal Activated + Comfrey + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gentiana Cruciata + Histamine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphorus + Potassium Dichromate + Pulsatilla); Fml-Tox (Angelicae Sinensis Radix + Beechwood Creosote + Boric Acid + Cimicifuga Racemosa + Epinephrine + Iodine + Oophorinum + Oyster Shells + Placenta + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Sulfur + Zinc); Fng I (Astragalus Menziesii + Condurango + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Ginkgo Biloba + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Phytolacca Decandra + Propolis + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Water Cress); Fng Ii (Astragalus Menziesii + Candida Parapsilosis + Charcoal Activated + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Hydrastis Canadensis + Iodine + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phosphoric Acid + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Silver + Sodium Chloride + Water Cress); Gingibraid W Alum Pot Sulf and Epin 0e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride); Gingibraid W Epineph and Alum 1e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride); Gingibraid W Epineph and Alum 2e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride); Gingibraid W Epineph and Alum 3e (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride); Gingicord W Epineph and Alum Size No 1 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride); Gingicord W Epineph and Alum Size No 3 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride); Gingicord W/Epineph and Alum Size 2 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride); Gynopt (Angelica + Beechwood Creosote + Boric Acid + Bovine Ovaries, Dried + Charcoal Activated + Cimicifuga Racemosa + Epinephrine + Iodine + Nitric Acid + Placenta + Potassium Acetate + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Sulfur); Immplex (Astragalus Menziesii + Calcium Sulfide Crude + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Eupatorium Perfoliatum + Ferrum Phosphoricum + Hydrastis Canadensis + Myrrh + Phosphoric Acid + Propolis + Silicon Dioxide + Water Cress); Lido-2 Liq (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lidocaine 2% Sterile Injectable Solution (Epinephrine Racemic + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lidocaine 2% with Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lidocaine Hcl 2% (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lidocaine Hcl 2% Epinephrine Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epineph 1:100000inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lidocaine Hcl 2% W Epinephrine 1:50000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lidocaine Inj 2% (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lidocaine and Epinephrine Inj.Usp2% 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lignospan Forte (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lignospan Speciale Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Lignospan Standard (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Marcaine E 0.25% Liq Prt (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate); Marcaine E 2.5 Mg/Ml (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate); Marcaine E 5.0 Mg/Ml (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate); Marcaine E Liq Prt 0.50% (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine Bitartrate); Nasal Spray (Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gelsemium Sempervirens + Modified Ragweed Tyrosine Adsorbate + Onion + Potassium Iodide + Sanguinaria Canadensis + Sticta Pulmonaria); Neuplex (Agaricus Muscarius + Arnica Montana + Charcoal Activated + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Hypericum Perforatum + Iodine + Passion Flower + Plumbum Metallicum + Trifolium Pratense); Octocaine 100 Needleject Inj (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Octocaine Hcl 2% Epinephrine 1:100000inj (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Octocaine Hcl 2% Epinephrine 1:50000inj (Epinephrine Hcl + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Panplex (Celandine + Charcoal Activated + Common Bean Garden + Epinephrine + Eugenia Jambolana + Ginger + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Hydrastis Canadensis + Iodine + Liverwort + Nux Moschata + Pancreas + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Pituitary Posterior + Rhubarb + Taraxacum Officinale Weber); Prilocaine Hcl 4% Epineph 1:200000inj (Epinephrine + Prilocaine Hydrochloride); R63 (Aesculus Hippocastanum + Cupric Acetate + Epinephrine + Potentilla Anserina + Tobacco); Racord Two 7 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate); Racord Two No 10 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate); Racord Two No 8 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate); Racord Two No 9 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate); Radopt (Brassica Napus + Cadmium Iodatum + Cadmium Sulphuricum + Capsicum + Charcoal Activated + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Goldenrod + Iodine + Ipecac + Iridium Metallicum + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Uranium Nitrate + X-Ray); Rdn-Tox (Cadmium Iodatum + Cadmium Sulphuricum + Capsicum + Cetraria Islandica + Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Hydrangea Arborescens + Iodine + Phosphoric Acid + Phosphorus + Pulsatilla + Strontium Carbonate + Uranium Nitrate + X-Ray); Scandonest 2% Special Inj (Epinephrine + Mepivacaine Hydrochloride); Sensorcaine 0.25% with Epinephrine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate)); Sensorcaine 0.5% with Epinephrine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate)); Sensorcaine Forte (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate)); Septanest N (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate)); Septanest Sp (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate)); Sil Trax Plus No 10 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate); Sil Trax Plus No 8 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate); Sil Trax Plus No 9 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate); Siltrax Plus 7 (Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride + Zinc Phenolsulphonate); Spinal Anaesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Epinephrine + Iodine (Povidone-Iodine) + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Tetracaine Hydrochloride); Spinal Anaesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Povidone-Iodine + Tetracaine Hydrochloride); Spinal Anesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Ephedrine Sulfate + Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Tetracaine Hydrochloride); Spinal Anesthesia Tray (Dextrose + Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride + Tetracaine Hydrochloride); Super Sulpak R 44 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride); Super Sulpak R 45 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride); Super Sulpak R 46 (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate + Racemic Epinephrine Hydrochloride); Systopt (Barberry Root + Burdock + Calcium Sulfide Crude + Celandine + Charcoal Activated + Conium Maculatum + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Glycyrrhiza Glabra + Goldenrod + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Tarentula Cubensis + Thuja Occidentalis + Trifolium Pratense); Systox (Barberry Root + Boldo + Burdock + Calcium Sulfide Crude + Celandine + Charcoal Activated + Conium Maculatum + Diadem Spider + Epinephrine + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Sarsaparilla + Taraxacum Officinale Weber + Tarentula Cubensis + Thuja Occidentalis + Trifolium Pratense); Tyd-Plex (Charcoal Activated + Epinephrine + Ferrous Iodide + Fucus Vesiculosus + Iodine + Oyster Shells + Phosphoric Acid + Pituitary Posterior + Potassium Iodide + Spongia Tosta); Ultracaine D-S Forte Injection (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine); Ultracaine D-S Injection (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine); Ultracaine Ds Forte Inj (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine); Ultracaine Ds Inj (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine); Universaltox (Alfalfa + Buckthorn + Charcoal Activated + Coffea Tosta + Comfrey + Epinephrine + Fucus Vesiculosus + Iodine + Liverwort + Lycopodium Clavatum + Manganese + Oats + Oyster Shells + Poison Ivy + Pulsatilla + Sepia Officinalis L + Sodium Chloride + Spigelia Anthelmia + Water Cress); Vactox (Arnica Montana + Astragalus Menziesii + Baptisia Tinctoria + Belladonna + Calendula + Celandine + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Gelsemium Sempervirens + German Chamomile + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Phytolacca Decandra + Poison Ivy + Propolis + Silicon Dioxide + Taraxacum Officinale Weber + Thuja Occidentalis + Trifolium Pratense + Urtica Urens + Water Cress); Virotox (Astragalus Menziesii + Belladonna + Echinacea Angustifolia + Epinephrine + Eupatorium Perfoliatum + Gelsemium Sempervirens + Hydrastis Canadensis + Lycopodium Clavatum + Myrrh + Phytolacca Decandra + Water Cress); Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Xylocaine 0.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Xylocaine 1% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Xylocaine 1% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Xylocaine 1.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Xylocaine 1.5% W Epinephrine 1:200000 Test Dose (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Xylocaine 2% W Epinephrine 1:100000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Xylocaine 2% W Epinephrine 1:200000 (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Xylocaine Mpf 1.5% with Epinephrine (Epinephrine + Lidocaine Hydrochloride); Zorcaine (Articaine Hydrochloride + Epinephrine (Epinephrine Bitartrate))
PharmGKB Accession Id:	PA449470

Description

The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [PubChem]

Indication

Used to treat anaphylaxis and sepsis.

ATC Therapeutic Categories

• A01AD:Other agents for local oral treatment
• B02BC:Local hemostatics
• C01CA:Adrenergic and dopaminergic agents
• R01AA:Sympathomimetics, plain
• R03AA:Alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor agonists
• S01EA:Sympathomimetics in glaucoma therapy

Pharmacology and Interactions

Mechanism Of Action

Epinephrine works via the stimulation of alpha and beta-1 adrenergic receptors, and a moderate activity at beta-2 adrenergic receptors.

Pharmacology

Epinephrine is indicated for intravenous injection in treatment of acute hypersensitivity, treatment of acute asthmatic attacks to relieve bronchospasm, and treatment and prophylaxis of cardiac arrest and attacks of transitory atrioventricular heart block with syncopal seizures (Stokes-Adams Syndrome). The actions of epinephrine resemble the effects of stimulation of adrenergic nerves. To a variable degree it acts on both alpha and beta receptor sites of sympathetic effector cells. Its most prominent actions are on the beta receptors of the heart, vascular and other smooth muscle. When given by rapid intravenous injection, it produces a rapid rise in blood pressure, mainly systolic, by (1) direct stimulation of cardiac muscle which increases the strength of ventricular contraction, (2) increasing the heart rate and (3) constriction of the arterioles in the skin, mucosa and splanchnic areas of the circulation. When given by slow intravenous injection, epinephrine usually produces only a moderate rise in systolic and a fall in diastolic pressure. Although some increase in pulse pressure occurs, there is usually no great elevation in mean blood pressure. Accordingly, the compensatory reflex mechanisms that come into play with a pronounced increase in blood pressure do not antagonize the direct cardiac actions of epinephrine as much as with catecholamines that have a predominant action on alpha receptors.

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination & Toxicity

Biotransformation

Epinephrine is rapidly inactivated in the body and is degraded by enzymes in the liver and other tissues. The larger portion of injected doses is excreted in the urine as inactivated compounds and the remainder either partly unchanged or conjugated. The drug becomes fixed in the tissues and is inactivated chiefly by enzymatic transformation to metanephrine or normetanephrine either of which is subsequently conjugated and excreted in the urine in the form of sulfates and glucuronides. Either sequence results in the formation of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-mandelic acid which also is detectable in the urine.

Absorption

Usually this vasodilator effect of the drug on the circulation predominates so that the modest rise in systolic pressure which follows slow injection or absorption is mainly the result of direct cardiac stimulation and increase in cardiac output.

Half Life

2 minutes

Toxicity

Skin, LD₅₀ = 62 mg/kg (rat)

Chemical Properties

Chemical Formula:

C₉H₁₃NO₃

SMILES Code:

CNC[C@@H](c1ccc(c(c1)O)O)O

(Format: OpenEye Isomeric)

Molecular Weight ( average / monoisotopic )

183.2044 / 183.0895

Curated Information

The following genes are in curated knowledge about this drug.

	Gene	Relationship	Evidence
	ADRB1	FA	Publications
	COMT	PD	Publications
	GSTM2	FA	Publications
	HNMT	PD	Publications
	KCNQ1	PD	Publications
	PNMT	PD       GN	Publications
	TPMT	PD	Publications

Non-Curated Information

A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug along with other genes is available.

Drug Targets

• ADRB1
• PAH
• ADRA1A
• ADRB2

PharmGKB Curated Pathways

• Sympathetic Nerve Pathway (Neuroeffector Junction)

BioCarta Pathways†

• phospholipase c-epsilon pathway - (BioCarta via Pathway Interaction Database)
• platelet amyloid precursor protein pathway - (BioCarta via Pathway Interaction Database)

Non-Curated Information

A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug along with other drugs is available.

Drug Interactions

Curated Information

The following diseases are in curated knowledge about this drug.

	Disease	Relationship	Evidence
	Asthma	PD	Publications
	congenital long QT syndrome	PD	Publications
	Neoplasms	PD	Publications

Non-Curated Information

A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug along with other diseases is available.

Additional Datasets

These datasets are minimally curated and are sorted alphabetically by title.

1. Catecholamine levels and Exercise

LinkOuts

Common Searches

Search PubMed
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Search PubChem
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Non-Curated Publications

A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug is available.