PharmGKB: The Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base

Drug/Small Molecule:
thalidomide

2D structure

Overview

Generic Names: N-Phthalimidoglutamic acid imide; N-Phthaloylglutamimide; N-Phthalylglutamic acid imide; Thalidomine USP26; alpha-phthalimidoglutarimide; thalidomide
Trade Names: Algosediv; Asidon 3; Asmadion; Asmaval; Bonbrain; Bonbrrin; Calmore; Calmorex; Contergan; Corronarobetin; Distaval; Distaxal; Distoval; Ectiluran; Enterosediv; Gastrinide; Glupan; Glutanon; Grippex; Hippuzon; Imida-Lab; Imidan; Imidene; Isomin; Kedavon; Kevadon; Lulamin; Neaufatin; Neo; Neosedyn; Neosydyn; Nerosedyn; Neufatin; Neurodyn; Neurosedin; Neurosedym; Neurosedyn; Nevrodyn; Nibrol; Noctosediv; Noxodyn; Pangul; Pantosediv; Poly-Giron; Polygripan; Predni-Sediv; Pro-ban M; Profarmil; Psycholiquid; Psychotablets; Quetimid; Quietoplex; Sandormin; Sedalis; Sedalis sedi-lab; Sedimide; Sedin; Sedisperil; Sedoval; Shin-naito S; Shinnibrol; Sleepan; Slipro; Softenil; Softenon; Talargan; Talimol; Talismol; Telagan; Telargan; Telargean; Tensival; Thalin; Thalinette; Thalomid; Theophilcholine; Valgis; Valgraine; Yodomin
PharmGKB Accession Id: PA451644

Description

A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppresive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action. PubChem (source: Drug Bank)

Indication

For the acute treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of moderate to severe erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). Also for use as maintenance therapy for prevention and suppression of the cutaneous manifestations of ENL recurrence. (source: Drug Bank)

ATC Therapeutic Category

  • L04AX:Other immunosuppressants

Pharmacology, Interactions, and Contraindications

Mechanism Of Action

In patients with erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) the mechanism of action is not fully understood. Available data from in vitro studies and preliminary clinical trials suggest that the immunologic effects of this compound can vary substantially under different conditions, but may be related to suppression of excessive tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) production and down-modulation of selected cell surface adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte migration. For example, administration of thalidomide has been reported to decrease circulating levels of TNF-a in patients with ENL, however, it has also been shown to increase plasma TNF-a levels in HIV-seropositive patients. (source: Drug Bank)

Pharmacology

Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory agent with a spectrum of activity that is not fully characterized. Thalidomide is racemic — it contains both left and right handed isomers in equal amounts: one enantiomer is effective against morning sickness, and the other is teratogenic. The enantiomers are converted to each other in vivo. That is, if a human is given D-thalidomide or L-thalidomide, both isomers can be found in the serum. Hence, administering only one enantiomer will not prevent the teratogenic effect in humans. (source: Drug Bank)

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Elimination & Toxicity

Biotransformation

Thalidomide itself does not appear to be hepatically metabolized to any large extent, but appears to undergo non-enzymatic hydrolysis in plasma to multiple metabolites. Thalidomide may be metabolized hepatically by enzymes of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. The end product of metabolism, phthalic acid, is excreted as a glycine conjugate. (source: Drug Bank)

Protein Binding

55% and 66% for the (+)R and (−)S enantiomers, respectively. (source: Drug Bank)

Absorption

The absolute bioavailability has not yet been characterized in human subjects due to its poor aqueous solubility. In studies of both healthy volunteers and subjects with Hansen’s disease, the mean time to peak plasma concentrations (Tmax) ranged from 2.9 to 5.7 hours indicating that thalidomide is slowly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. (source: Drug Bank)

Toxicity

The R-configuration and the S-configuration are more toxic individually than the racemic mixture. The LD<sub>50</sub> could not be established in mice for racemic thalidomide, whereas LD<sub>50</sub> values for the R and S configurations are reported to be 0.4 to 0.7 g/kg and 0.5 to 1.5 g/kg, respectively. (source: Drug Bank)

Isomeric SMILES Code:

c1ccc2c(c1)C(=O)N(C2=O)C3CCC(=O)NC3=O (source: Drug Bank)

Curated Annotations (Curated Annotation)

  1. rs4646487 at chr1:47051762 in CYP4B1
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: T Phenotype: The CYP4B1:rs4646487 T variant was associated with toxicity in response to docetaxel and thalidomide. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s):p = 0.008 Type of association: CO; TOX
    Variant Name:
    CYP4B1:rs4646487 C>T; NM_000779.3:c.517C>T; NP_000770.2:p.Arg173Trp
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  2. rs1402467 at chr2:108361240 in SULT1C4
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: G Phenotype: The SULT1C2: rs1402467 G variant was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0083 Type of association: PD; CO
    Variant Name:
    SULT1C2:rs1402467 C>G; NM_006588.2:c.15C>G; NP_006579.2:p.Asp5Glu
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  3. rs6922548 at chr6:35461501 in PPARD
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: G Phenotype: The PPAR delta SNP rs6922548 A>G was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0011 Type of association: PD; CO
    Variant Name:
    PPARD:rs6922548 A>G;
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  4. rs7769719 at chr6:35470503 in PPARD
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: G Phenotype: The PPAR delta SNP rs7769719 A>G was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0055 Type of association: PD; CO
    Variant Name:
    PPARD:rs7769719 A>G
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  5. rs1883322 at chr6:35477784 in PPARD
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: G Phenotype: The PPAR delta SNP rs1883322 A>G was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0061 Type of association: PD; CO
    Variant Name:
    PPARD:rs1883322 A>G
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  6. rs2016520 at chr6:35486756 in PPARD
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: G Phenotype: The PPAR delta SNP rs2016520 A>G was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0056 Type of association: PD; CO
    Variant Name:
    PPARD:rs2016520 A>G; NM_006238.3:c.-87C>T
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  7. rs3734254 at chr6:35502988 in PPARD
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: T Phenotype: The PPAR delta SNP rs3734254 C>T was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0089 Type of association: PD; CO
    Variant Name:
    PPARD:rs3734254 C>T
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  8. rs1799931 at chr8:18302650 in NAT2
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: G Phenotype: The NAT2:rs1799931 G variant was associated with toxicity in response to docetaxel and thalidomide. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.003 Type of association: CO; TOX
    Variant Name:
    NAT2:rs1799931 A>G; NM_000015.2:c.857G>A; NP_000006.2:p.Gly286Glu
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  9. rs4148943 at chr10:73439513 in CHST3
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: C Phenotype: The CHST3:rs4148943 C variant was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0001 Type of association: PD; CO
    Variant Name:
    CHST3:rs4148943 C>T; NM_004273.3:c.*1278C>T
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  10. rs4148945 at chr10:73439596 in CHST3
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: C Phenotype: The CHST3:rs4148945 C variant was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment and toxicity to docetaxel and thalidomide. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.011 (response); p = 0.010 (TOX) Type of association: PD; CO; TOX
    Variant Name:
    CHST3:rs4148945 C>T; NM_004273.3:c.*1361C>T
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  11. rs4148947 at chr10:73440123 in CHST3
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: C Phenotype: The CHST3:rs4148947 C variant was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0023 Type of association: PD; CO
    Variant Name:
    CHST3:rs4148947 C>T; NM_004273.3:c.*1888T>C
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  12. rs4148950 at chr10:73441712 in CHST3
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: A Phenotype: The CHST3:rs4148950 A variant was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment and toxicity to docetaxel and thalidomide. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s):p = 0.024 (response); p = 0.006 (TOX) Type of association: PD; CO; TOX
    Variant Name:
    CHST3:rs4148950 A>G; NM_004273.3:c.*3477G>A
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  13. rs1871450 at chr10:73442020 in CHST3
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: A Phenotype: The CHST3:rs1871450 A variant was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment and toxicity to docetaxel and thalidomide. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.048 (response); p = 0.006 (TOX) Type of association: PD; CO; TOX
    Variant Name:
    CHST3:rs1871450 A>G; NM_004273.3:c.*3785G>A
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  14. rs730720 at chr10:73442768 in CHST3
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: A Phenotype: The CHST3:rs730720 A variant was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0034 Type of association: PD; CO
    Variant Name:
    CHST3:rs730720 A>G; NM_004273.3:c.*4533C>T
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  15. rs12418 at chr10:73443020 in CHST3
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: A Phenotype: The CHST3:rs12418 A variant was associated with positive clincial response (partial or complete response) to treatment. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0005 Type of association: PD; CO
    Variant Name:
    CHST3:rs12418 A>G; NM_004273.3:c.*4785G>A
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  16. rs2301159 at chr13:102495729 in SLC10A2
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: T Phenotype: The SLC10A2:rs2301159 T variant was associated with toxicity in response to docetaxel and thalidomide. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.01 Type of association: CO; TOX
    Variant Name:
    SLC10A2:rs2301159 C>T; NM_000452.2:c.*755C>T
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  17. rs2238472 at chr16:16159100 in ABCC6
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: G Phenotype: The ABCC6 rs2238472 G variant was associated with toxicity in response to docetaxel and thalidomide. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.006 Type of association: CO; TOX
    Variant Name:
    ABCC6:rs2238472 A>G; NM_001171.5:c.3803G>A; NP_001162.4:p.Arg1268Gln
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  18. rs2292954 at chr16:88140624 in SPG7
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: T Phenotype: The SPG7:rs2292954 T variant was associated with toxicity in response to docetaxel and thalidomide. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.0004 Type of association: CO; TOX
    Variant Name:
    SPG7:rs2292954 C>T; NM_003119.2:c.1507A>G; NP_003110.1:p.Thr503Ala
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  19. rs12960 at chr16:88147829 in RPL13, SNORD68, SPG7
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: G Phenotype: The SPG7:rs12960 G variant was associated with toxicity in response to docetaxel and thalidomide. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.004 Type of association: CO; TOX
    Variant Name:
    SPG7:rs12960 A>G; NM_003119.2:c.2063G>A; NP_003110.1:p.Arg688Gln
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
  20. rs2227291 at chrX:77155158 in ATP7A
    Risk or phenotype-associated allele: G Phenotype: The ATP7A:rs2227291 G variant was associated with toxicity in response to docetaxel and thalidomide. Study size: 47 Study population/ethnicity: Patients diagnosed with castration-resistant prostate cancer enrolled in a randomized phase II clinical trial comparing docetaxel to docetaxel with thalidomide. Significance metric(s): p = 0.006 Type of association: CO; TOX
    Variant Name:
    ATP7A:rs2227291 C>G; NM_000052.4:c.2299G>C; NP_000043.3:p.Val767Leu
    Related Drugs:
    docetaxel, thalidomide
    Related Diseases:
    Prostatic Neoplasms
    Evidence:
    PMID:20038957
Variant names are different names that have been used in the literature and other resources to refer to the same variant.

The following genes are in curated knowledge about this drug.

  Gene Relationship Evidence
No phenotype data Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Not annotated
ABCC6
  • CO
  •   
  • PK
  •   
  • GN
Publications, Variants
No phenotype data Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Not annotated
ATP7A
  • CO
  •   
  • PK
  •   
  • GN
Publications, Variants
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
CASP3
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications
No phenotype data Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Not annotated
CHEK1
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications
No phenotype data Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Not annotated
CHST3
  • CO
  • PD
  • PK
  •   
  • GN
Publications, Variants
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
CRBN
  •   
  •   
  •   
  • FA
  •   
Publications
Phenotype data available Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Has annotations
CYP2D6
  • CO
  •   
  • PK
  •   
  • GN
Publications
No phenotype data Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Not annotated
CYP4B1
  • CO
  •   
  • PK
  •   
  • GN
Publications, Variants
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
DCLRE1B
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications
Phenotype data available No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
ERCC6
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
IL12B
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
LEP
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
LIG1
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications
Phenotype data available Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Not annotated
NAT2
  • CO
  •   
  • PK
  •   
  • GN
Publications, Variants
Phenotype data available No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
PARP1
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications
No phenotype data Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Not annotated
PPARD
  • CO
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications, Variants
No phenotype data Genotype Data Available No literature annotations Not annotated
RPL13
  •   
  •   
  •   
  •   
  •   
Variants
No phenotype data Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Not annotated
SLC10A2
  • CO
  •   
  • PK
  •   
  • GN
Publications, Variants
No phenotype data Genotype Data Available No literature annotations Not annotated
SNORD68
  •   
  •   
  •   
  •   
  •   
Variants
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
SPG7
  • CO
  •   
  • PK
  •   
  • GN
Publications, Variants
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
SULT1C2
  • CO
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
SULT1C4
  •   
  •   
  •   
  •   
  •   
Variants
No phenotype data Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Not annotated
TNF
  • CO
  •   
  •   
  • FA
  •   
Publications
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
TNFRSF17
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
XRCC5
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications

A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug along with other genes is available.

Drug Targets

Gene Description
NFKB1 Uncurated Annotation (source: Drug Bank)
PTGS2 Uncurated Annotation (source: Drug Bank)
TNF Uncurated Annotation (source: Drug Bank)

A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug along with other drugs is available.

Drug Interactions

Drug Description
gentamicin Uncurated Annotation Thalidomide increases the renal toxicity of the aminoglycoside (source: Drug Bank)
tobramycin Uncurated Annotation Thalidomide increases the renal toxicity of the aminoglycoside (source: Drug Bank)

Curated Information

The following diseases are in curated knowledge about this drug.

  Disease Relationship Evidence
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
  •   
  •   
  •   
  • FA
  •   
Publications
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
Congenital Abnormalities
  •   
  •   
  •   
  • FA
  •   
Publications
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
Multiple Myeloma
  • CO
  •   
  •   
  •   
  •   
Publications
Phenotype data available Genotype Data Available Literature annotations available Not annotated
Neoplasms
  •   
  •   
  • PK
  •   
  • GN
Publications
No phenotype data No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
Prostatic Neoplasms
  • CO
  • PD
  • PK
  •   
  • GN
Publications, Variants
Phenotype data available No genotype data Literature annotations available Not annotated
Venous Thrombosis
  •   
  • PD
  •   
  •   
  • GN
Publications

Non-Curated Information

A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug along with other diseases is available.

Additional Datasets

These datasets are minimally curated and are sorted alphabetically by title.

  1. The Connectivity Map: using gene-expression signatures to connect small molecules, genes, and disease

LinkOuts

Web Resource:
Wikipedia
DrugBank:
DB01041
KEGG Compound ID:
C07910
KEGG Drug ID:
D00754
PubChem Compound ID:
5426
PubChem Substance ID:
10112

Common Searches

Search PubMed
Search Medline Plus
Search PubChem
Search CTD

Non-Curated Publications

A list of non-curated publications that mention this drug is available.

PharmGKB integrates drug information from different sources: DrugBank, Open Eye Scientific Software.
Add New Alternate Name
Add New ATC Term
Add Cross Reference
Add a metabolite
Add a text annotation
Add a drug target
hint: enter a gene
    Add a drug interaction
    hint: enter a drug
    PharmGKB® is a registered trademark of HHS and is financially supported by NIH/NIGMS. It is managed at Stanford University (GM61374).
    ©2001-2010 PharmGKB.